Decline of the Imperial System: 1885-1894 247Ī Partial Defeat 248 Official Attempts to Offset the Defeat 257 Progress of Foreign Imperialism 267 Popular Resistance to Foreign Gains 276 9. The Modernization Policy 201 Beginnings of Modernization: Ziqiang (1860-1872) 202 From Ziqiang to Fuqiang 214 Fuqiang: The Appearance of Modern Enterprises (1872-1885) 220 Effects of Modernization Up to 1885 231 Summary: China in 1885 239 8. The Foreign Presence in China: 1860-1885 172 The Westerners' Foothold in Politics 172 Western Economic Activity 177 Cultural and Religious Activities 182 Chinese Reactions 185 The Sino-French War 191 7. Restoration of Imperial Order: 1860-1885 129 Restoration of the Central Power 130 Suppression of Popular Movements 137 vi The Work of Reconstruction 149 Strengthening China's Position Abroad 161 Consequences of the Restoration 163 6. The Moslem Rebellions 113 Minor Rebellions 116 Failure of the Popular Movements 120 5. Popular Movements in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 85 Roots of the Popular Movements 85 Origins of the Taiping Movement 89 Characteristics of the Taiping Movement 93 The Taiping from 1853 to 1859: Stabilization and Crisis 101 The Taiping from 1859 to 1864: New Upsurge, New Defeat 105 The Nian 108 The Opening of China 61 Chinese Reactions to the First Opium War 61 The Treaty Ports and Their Influence 64 The Intellectual Discovery of the West 74 The Second Opium War 76 4.
A Conjunction of Crises 38 Internal Opposition 38 Political, Social, and Economic Deterioration 43 The Closed-Door Policy 49 Increasing Pressure from the West: 1820-1835 53 3. List of Maps vii China in 1840: Foundations of Society 3 Principles of the Chinese Political System 4 Organization of the State 13 Social Hierarchies 20 Economic Development 25 Chinese Unity 32 2. First Indian Reprint-1986 Reprinted -1999 Price Rs, 165 Published by Khosia Publishing House,Delhi-110007 by arrangement with M/s Harvester Press, London Printed at Delux Offset Printers, Delhi-110035 v Copyright © 1963 by Oxford University Press. 39-41, 72, and 88-89 of Chinese Sources for the Taiping Rebellion, by J. Oxford University Press: Excerpts from pp. Reprinted by permission of the publishers. Copyright © 1954 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Fairbank, Cambridge, Harvard University Press. s Response to the West, translated by Ssu-yu Teng and John K.
Harvard University Press: Excerpts from China'. 28-31 of The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (from Lin Ze-xu's diary), translated by Arthur Waley, 1958. Stanford University Press, and George Allen & Unwin Ltd.: Excerpts from pp. Used by permission of Cornell University Press. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material: Cornell University Press: Excerpts from Harold Shadick (trans.), The Travels of Lao Ts' an, by Liu T' ieh-yun. 1 of Histoire de la Chine and chapters 1-3 of De la guerre franco-chinoise a laįondation du parti communiste chinois, 1885-1921, by Chesneaux, Bastid, and M.-C. (The Pantheon Asia Library) Translation of Des guerres de I' opium a la guerre franco-chinoise, 1840-1885, by J. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution. The authors of chapters 1-7 revised them together. Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 of the English translation were written by Jean Chesneaux, chapters 5, 7, 8, 9 were written by Marianne Bastid, and chapter 10 by Marie-Claire Bergere. China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution combines Des guerres de I' opium a la guerre franco-chinoise, 1840-1885 by Jean Chesneaux and Marianne Bastid and the first three chapters of De la guerre franco-chinoise a la fondation du parti communiste chinois, 1885-1921 by Jean Chesneaux, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere. Originally published in France as Des guerres de I' opium a la guerre Franco-Chinoise, 1840-1885 and as De la guerre franco-chinoise a la fondation du parti communiste chinois, 1885-1921 by Hatier Universite, Paris, France. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution ii iii China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution by Jean Chesneaux, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere Translated from the French by Anne Destenay KHOSLA PUBLISHING HOUSE iv English translation Copyright © 1976 by Random House, Inc.
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